How to treat diabetes?Of course, insulin.Everyone knows this, even those who are far from remedies.After all, diabetes (then diabetes) is when sugar is increased.And insulin reduces this sugar.
In general, right.If you do not consider some insignificant at first glance, but in fact important details.
Insulin
Yes, insulin really reduces the high level of sugar (more accurately - glucose) in blood plasma.
With type 1 diabetes, which is developed mainly at an early age, absolute insulin deficiency is observed hormone is not secreted (or secreted in low quantities) with certain pancreatic structures, langerânguangs are plots.
There is no insulin - there is no use of glucose and more metabolic processes are pathological.If you introduce insulin into the replacement therapy structure, the situation may be corrected to some extent.
Under the influence of this medicine, glucose enters where it should be - in a cage, where it is subjected to divide.Metabolism is normalized.
Everything would be simple if it wasn't that difficult.The fact is that in some cases the introduction of insulin can lead to major problems that their absence.The reason is hypoglycemia, a sharp drop in blood glucose.
An insulin overdose affects very quickly and sometimes instantly.
The skin is pale, blood pressure drops, a coma develops, from which the patient is very difficult to remove.
The cause of hypoglycemia is not only an overdose, but also inadequate insulin administration.This medicine should be administered only after taking a light food.Prior to the introduction of insulin, physical activity, tensions are not desirable.
This is why the insulin dose is carefully selected by the endocrinologist, depending on the level of blood glucose (the content of blood glucose), which is determined by laboratory means.
The daily dose depends on the level of blood glucose, the course of diabetes, and is determined by the doctor individually for each patient.
A typical detail of this dose is 30% before breakfast, 35% - before lunch, 25% - before dinner and 10% at night.
Although these numbers may vary depending on the way of life, the work.And to choose the right insulin with diabetes first detected, a hardly detected diabetes melitus can disappear for several days.The milestone is the same - laboratory indicators.
Due to the high rice of hypoglycemia, insulin is prohibited from introducing ambulance workers at the pre -hospital stage, which cannot control blood glucose.
It is true that, recently, many portable devices, glycicometers, designed to measure blood sugar, appeared.
But first, the reliability of the glycometers sometimes leaves much to be desired.
And secondly, as already mentioned, the late introduction of insulin is not as frightening as its overdose.
It is noteworthy that insulin used to treat diabetes is not homogeneous.
It can be pork, cattle (obtained from clogged animal pancreas) and human, synthesized with genetic engineering.
Insulin is not the same in terms of action.If it is necessary to reduce blood glucose as soon as possible, short -term insulin is introduced.The effect occurs rapidly during the first 15 to 20 minutes, but it doesn't last long.
Insulin of the average duration and extended action is designed to create the necessary glycemic background during the day.The types of insulin and their combination are also prescribed by an endocrinologist, depending on a specific clinical situation.
Saharasses
If insulin is produced only in the form of injection solutions (it is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract), the overwhelming number of medicines to lower sugar is represented by tablets for internal intake.
It should be noted that insulin and sugar agents for diabetes are not interchangeable.
More precisely, insulin is effective only with the type of diabetes above 1 type of mellitus.
And all agents that lower sugar are used only for 2 types of insulin -dependent disease.This type is based on relative insulin deficiency.This means that the total amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is normal or even increased.But he is still missing.
This happens with obesity in old age, when the amount of adipose tissue increases and the compensatory capabilities of the human body are low.
There are several types of sugar tablets.All of them in one way or another change the course of biochemical reactions and thus stimulate the production of insulin with beta cells.
At one point, beta cells are exhausted, relative insulin deficiency becomes absolute and an additional transition to insulin treatment is required.
Sometimes the basis of diabetes mellitus can increase the production of counterinular thyroid hormones, adrenal glands and pituitary gland.The action of these hormones is exactly the opposite of such insulin - they increase the level of blood glucose.
After the high level of codloxular hormones is confirmed by laboratory methods, specific injection agents that regulate their level are prescribed.
Glucose
It turns out that glucose in diabetes is no less important than insulin.This is especially true for serious forms of the disease.
Timely introduction of glucose inHypoglycemic conditions- This is a matter of life and death.After all, the blood sugar level should be increased as soon as possible.For this, a 40% concentrated glucose is administered intravenously with a syringe.
IfThe patient is consciousThey give him a hot tea with sugar drink.
But hyperglycemia (high sugar) also requires administration of glucose.
The lower line is that glucose accumulates in plasma in large quantities.But the cell does not receive this glucose.Pathological mechanisms of glioogenesis are launched - glucose synthesis from fats and proteins, which are intensely decomposed.
To prevent this from happening, glucose is introduced intravenously as part of the mixture polarization.This mixture includes 5% glucose, insulin and one of the potassium medications.Insulin contributes to glucose penetration in a cage and at the same time "pulls" potassium along with it.This is the most important intracellular element that controls almost all metabolic processes in the cell.
Another state in which glucose is vital is the increase in urine release in diabetes, the diabetic urethyla called.
It is due to the high concentration of blood plasma and secondary kidney damage.Glucose is lost along with the urine.In this case, the OS - called a false positive image - the blood glucose level is reduced without insulin.
In fact, this is a potentially dangerous condition called "scissors" endocrinologists due to the discrepancy between laboratory indicators and objective data.The only way out to avoid these "scissors" lies in the timely administration of dripping glucose solutions.
Certification and alkalization
Urinism is first and foremost fluid loss, which quickly leads to dehydration or dehydration.Along with this, excess blood glucose is transformed into ketone bodies (acetone and other compounds) that have an acidic reaction.
This process is called ketoacidosis.
This is extremely difficult and, in the absence of treatment, ends deplorable.Dehydration and ketacity overload each other.
To eliminate dehydration, rehydration is performed - refueling of fluid deficiency.The diabetes reed involves a massive intravenous infusion, up to 3 liters per day or more, intravenous of various solutions.
In addition to glucose above, a common solution of isotonic sodium chloride (saline) is administered, as well as other solutions containing sodium, chlorine, magnesium and potassium ions.
The refueling of liquid deficiency normalizes the balance of acids and bases in the body and widely eliminates acidification in tissues - acidosis.Effective ways of combating acidosis are the infusion of sterile alkalinating solutions.These include baking soda or simply soda.If the patient's condition allows, preferably abundant alkaline consumption in the form of alkaline mineral waters.
Other drugs
Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease.This means that pathology is not limited to the pancreas only - in one way or another, almost all organs and tissues suffer.In large part, this is due to diabetic angiopathy - the injury of blood and capillaries.
At the same time, blood circulation in these vessels and capillaries is disturbed, which leads to secondary lesions of the internal organs - mainly, ocular (retinopathy) and kidneys (nephropathy).To eliminate angiopathy, intravenous drip administration of various medicines that improve systemic blood circulation is performed.
Together with these medications, medications are prescribed from a specific effect that affect metabolic processes in nerve fibers.
Infringement of blood circulation in the hair network is often complicated by trophic ulcers with a predominant location inside the leg.
Treatment of these ulcers requires the use of local antibiotics and antibiotics.Diabetics more often than the rest are sick with yellowish cardiovascular disease, hypertension and angina complicated by myocardial infarction.
In the treatment of these diseases, cardiotonic are used, which positively affect anti -ostclerotic and hypotensive drugs (reduction in blood pressure).With diabetes, not only desirable but also necessary to take various vitamin-mineral complexes in the form of pharmaceutical drugs and biologically active food additives.
Diabetes diet
Proper nutrition in treating diabetes is as important as medicines.Failure to comply with the diet reduces the effectiveness of these drugs to zero.This is especially true for the 1st type of diabetes, where the lowest nutrition errors are full of serious consequences.Basic Requirements for the Dietary Diet of Diabetics:
- Fractional food intake in small portions 4-5 times;
- A balanced proportion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates;
- The number of calories accepted with food must be equal to the number of consumed;
- Obesity - Reduction of overweight.
In this sense, easily digestible carbohydrates, greasy meat, sweets, strong tea, coffee, butter, grapes are against -Indicates.Instead of white bread - black, instead of sugar - substitutes for diabetics.
The preference in the diet should be given to cereals (sarracene wheat, oats, wheat), light vegetable soups, fresh vegetables.One diet for each patient is developed individually by a nutritionist.
Conclusion
Obviously, this article is by no means self -mourning instructions, which can be expensive with diabetes diabetes.It should be noted that it is impossible to completely heal the diabetes mellitus dependent on insulin.Unfortunate, but a fact.But correct and regular treatment, protection regime, food and physical restrictions will help return to a complete life and avoid unwanted complications.